Friday 24 May 2013

Adjectives of dimension and position

It's always bothered me that words referring to dimensions and position in most natlangs (or those I've studied at any rate) seem kind of imprecise and ambiguous.

In English for example, for an object with an identifiably largest dimension, that dimension will generally be referred to as its "length", with the other(s) being variously described as "width", "breadth" or "depth".  "Depth", in turn, can refer either to the size of something in the negative vertical direction ("depth of a lake"), or in the usually-horizontal direction directly away from the point of observation ("depth of field"), or indeed the position of something underground ("depth of a tunnel"); "height" suffers from similar ambiguity.  As for "width", it can additionally refer to the size of something in any horizontal direction, regardless of whether that dimension is the largest or not ("width of a building"), or, in the case where there is no identifiable largest dimension, all three might well be described as the "width".

In short, it's a mess, and a few months ago I decided I wanted to do it much more neatly and unambiguously in Vetela.  Here's what I came up with (English glosses below are somewhat arbitrary):

There are three terms for size independent of the direction of gravity:
  • aila "length": relative size in the noticeably largest dimension, if any (or the only dimension in the case of one-dimensional objects);
  • kakua "thickness": relative size in the noticeably-smallest dimension, if any[0];
  • sueta "breadth": relative size in any dimension which is neither noticeably smallest nor largest.
And three relating to the direction of gravity (if any):
  • vakua "tallness": subjective size in the direction of gravity of an object that extends above the reference point[1];
  • sukua "depth": subjective size in the direction of gravity of an object that extends below the reference point;
  • lanima "width": subjective size in any horizontal direction.
(There is also the general term vooka "size/largeness", which refers to general size in any/all dimensions.)

Distinct from these, there is then a set of terms describing position rather than size:
  • etiva "height": subjective position upwards along the direction of gravity from the reference point (i.e. altitude);
  • utiva "lowness": subjective position downwards along the direction of gravity from the reference point;
  • ouva "horizontal distance": subjective position along a direction normal to that of gravity;[2]
  • aana "distance": subjective position regardless of direction.
All of the above behave as unsigned-axis adjectives, so high/low degree are expressed with prefixes (see this post for more on that).  Two of them also have separate lexemes for low degree, however: liina ("smallness"; antonym of vooka) and kasina ("proximity"; antonym of aana).

[0] Note that while, strictly speaking, a 2D object's smallest dimension should be called its "thickness", humans generally conceptualise 2D objects as thin, flat 3D ones, so in concession to this it's acceptable to refer to a 2D object's smallest dimension as either kakua or sueta.

[1] Here "reference point" means the position from which the thing is being considered.  For example, a mine shaft might be said to be "tall" by someone at the bottom, or "deep" by someone at the top.

[2] Ouva is a rare word; in most circumstances, aana would be used instead, as it's rarely relevant to distinguish absolute distance from horizontal separation.  Ouva might be used to refer to downrange distance of a rocket, for example.

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